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1
In a kettle combine the beans with enough cold water to cover them by 2 inches and simmer them, covered, for 1 to 1 1/2 hours, or until they are tender.
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2
Drain the beans in a colander set over a large bowl and reserve the cooking liquid.
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3
In a large heavy skillet cook the sausage over moderate heat, stirring and breaking up any lumps, until it is cooked through and transfer it with a slotted spoon to a bowl.
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4
To the fat remaining in the skillet add the oil and in the fat cook the onion, the fennel, the bell pepper, the basil, the thyme, and salt and pepper to taste over moderate heat, stirring, until the vegetables are softened.
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5
Add the broth and simmer the mixture, covered, for 5 to 10 minutes, or until the vegetables are tender.
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6
In a blender or food processor puree 1 1/2 cups of the cooked beans with 1 cup of the reserved cooking liquid.
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7
Add the puree to the vegetable mixture with the remaining cooked beans, the sausage, the artichoke hearts, the parsley, and salt and pepper to taste and transfer the mixture to a buttered 4-quart gratin dish, 15 by 10 by 2 inches.
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8
In a small bowl stir together the bread crumbs and the Parmesan and sprinkle the mixture evenly over the gratin.
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9
Dot the gratin with the butter and bake it in the middle of a preheated 350F.
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10
oven for 45 to 50 minutes, or until the top is golden.
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11
In a colander rinse the beans under cold water and discard any discolored ones.
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12
In a kettle combine the beans with enough cold water to cover them by 2 inches, bring the water to a boil, and boil the beans for 2 minutes.
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13
Remove the kettle from the heat and let the beans soak, for 1 hour.
